Department of Computer Science

After successful completion of three year degree program in Computer Science a student should be able to;

Programme Outcomes

PO 1.   To develop problem solving abilities using a computer

PO 2.   To build the necessary skill set and analytical abilities for developing computer based solutions for real life problems.

PO 3.   To imbibe quality software development practices.

PO 4.   To create awareness about process and product standards

PO 5.   To train students in professional skills related to Software Industry.

PO 6.   To prepare necessary knowledge base for research and development in Computer Science

PO 7.   To help students build-up a successful career in Computer Science

Programme

Specific Outcomes

PSO 1.   Demonstrate understanding of the principles and working of the hardware and software aspects of computer systems.

PSO 2.   Design, implements, test, and evaluate a computer system,

component, or algorithm to meet desired needs and to solve a computational problem.

PSO 3.   To Enhance skills and adapt new computing technologies for attaining professional excellence and carrying research.

Programming in C

CO1. Explain about the basic concepts of program development statements and its syntax.

CO2. Explain the various types of arrays and its structure.

CO3. Discuss about the various types of Functions and String handling mechanisms.

CO4. Explain the Concepts of structures and Unions.

CO5. Illustrates the various operations performed on different types of files.

Object Oriented Programming with C++

CO1. Explain the top-down and bottom-up programming approach and apply bottom up approach to solve real world problems.

CO2. Explain the difference between static and dynamic binding. Apply both techniques to solve problems.

CO3. Describe the concept of inheritance and apply real world problems.

CO4. Discuss the generic data type for the data type independent programming which relates it to reusability.

CO5. Explain to design of handling large data set using File I/O.

JAVA PROGRAMMING

CO1. Explain about basic Java language syntax and semantics to write Java programs.

CO2. Describe the concepts of variables, conditional and iterative execution methods etc.

CO3. Discuss the fundamentals of object-oriented programming in Java, including defining classes, objects, invoking methods

CO4. Explain the various methodologies to handle the exception mechanisms and the principles of inheritance, packages and interfaces

CO5. Demonstrate the programming concepts for applet and graphics.

WEB DESIGN TECHNOLOGY

CO1. Describe the concepts of markup languages, un order list, table, formatting, liking and frames.

CO2. Discuss about the creation of cascading style sheets, backgrounds, media types and building a dropdown menu.

CO3. Explain the JavaScript, control structure, if structure, switch, do-while and logical operators.

CO4. Describe the javascript functions, javascript arrays and javascript objects.

CO5. Discuss the DOM, javascript events and XML.

OPERATING SYSTEM

CO1. Describe the basic components of an operating system and their role in implementations for general purpose, real-time and embedded applications.

CO2. Define the concepts of processes, threads, asynchronous signals and competitive system resource allocation.

CO3. Explain what multi-tasking is and outline standard scheduling algorithms for Multi-tasking.

CO4. Discuss mutual exclusion principles and their use in concurrent programming including semaphore construction and resource allocation.

CO5. Expose the details of major operating system concepts, overview of system memory management and the implementation of file systems.

VISUAL BASIC

CO1. Explain the basic Concepts of Program building block control statements and the basic concepts of function and procedure.

CO2. Describe the functionality and properties of GUI based ActiveX Control with example programs

CO3. Discuss about graphics handling related control and properties.

CO4. Discuss about the fundamental functions and properties of Advanced ActiveX Control.

CO5. Describe the concepts of database handling using DAO, ADO and RDO control with data report concepts.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CO1. Describe the fundamentals of File processing and database processing system.

CO2. Explain the various data model and its application.

CO3 Explain the various normal forms and its role in DBMS.

CO4. Explain the fundamental concepts of SQL programs.

CO5. Describe the concepts of function, procedure, package, trigger and exception handling.

COMPUTER NETWORK

CO1. Explain the local, metropolitan and wide area networks using the Standard OSI reference model.

CO2. Discussion of various networking technologies.

CO3. Explain the concepts of protocols, network interfaces and design of performance issues in local area networks and wide area networks.

CO4. Describe about wireless networking concepts, contemporary issues in networking technologies, network tools and network programming.

CO5. Explain the analysis of different types of protocol and the comparison of number of data link, network and transport layer protocols.

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

CO1. Explain the fundamental knowledge in science, mathematics, fundamentals of computer science, software engineering and multidisciplinary engineering to begin in practice as a software engineer.

CO2. Explain to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, manufacturability, sustainability, ethical, health and safety.

CO3. Describe the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.

CO4. Explain the early careers will be capable of team and organizational leadership in computing project settings, and have a broad understanding of ethical application of computing-based solutions to societal and organizational problems.

CO5. Discuss about analyze, design and manage the development of a computing based system, component or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints in one or more application domains.

C#.NET PROGRAMMING

CO1. Create, compile and run object-oriented C# programs using Visual Studio.

CO2. Explain the C# language constructs syntax and semantics.

CO3. Describe the reusable .NET components via interface realization and standard design patterns.

CO4. Discuss about the major namespaces and classes of the .NET Framework.

CO5. Explain the Access databases using Language Integrated Query (LINQ).

PROGRAMMING IN C LAB

CO1. Explanation of design and algorithmic solution for a given problem.

CO2. Construction of flowchart for the computer programs.

CO3. Explains the program using Control Statements

CO4. Explains the program using Arrays and Functions.

CO5. Explain the program using file handling with structure.

Data Structure Lab Using C++

CO1. Explain the features of C++ using object oriented programming.

CO2. Describe the relative merits of C++ as an object oriented programming language.

CO3. Describe the major object-oriented concepts to implement object oriented programs in C++ Using encapsulation and inheritance.

CO4. Describe the major object-oriented concepts to implement object oriented programs in C++ Using polymorphism.

CO5. Explain the advanced features of C++ specifically stream I/O, templates and operator overloading.

JAVA Programming LAB

CO1. Explain the programming language design, syntax and semantics.

CO2. Describe the critical thinking skills through solving programming problems.

CO3. Explain the standard syntax for java programs and other programming Tools.

CO4. Describe the animation and events based advanced java program concepts (Applet)

CO5. Explain the java programs using object oriented class with parameters, constructors, utility, calculations, methods including inheritance, test classes and exception handling.

WEB DESIGN TECHNOLOGY LAB

CO1. Explain the fundamental tags used in HTML.

CO2. Develop the web page in various applications.

CO3. Develop the web page using various ordered and unordered listing commands

CO4. Develop the web page using frame concepts with multi-media handling.

CO5. Develop the web page using java script.

VISUAL BASIC and ORACLE LAB

CO1. Explain the simple programs using basic control statement.

CO2. Explain the GUI based program using Basic ActiveX Control.

CO3 Explain the different advanced ActiveX control with example application programs.

CO4. Explain the various types of data base handling with MS-Access and Oracle

CO5. Describe the concepts of data report for an organization.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO)

PO 1.      It will equip the students with skills required for designing, developing applications in Information Technology.

PO 2.      Students will able to learn the latest trends in various subjects of computers & information technology.

PO 3.      The PG Diploma is aimed at graduates with a computing background and provides a detailed coverage of the key concepts and challenges in data and resource protection and computer software security.

PO 4.       To give hands on to students while developing real life IT application as part of the study.

PO 5.       To train graduate students in basic computer technology concepts and information technology applications.

PO 6.      Design and develop applications to analyze and solve all computer science related problems.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSO)

PSO1. To expose the students to open Source technologies so that they become familiar with it and can seek appropriate opportunity in trade and industry.

PSO2. Able to provide socially acceptable technical solutions to real world problems with the application of modern and appropriate programming techniques.

PSO3. Design applications for any desired needs with appropriate considerations for any specific need on societal and industrial aspects.

Introduction to software organization

After studying this course, students should be able to:

CO 1.    Appreciate the role of operating system as System software.

CO 2.    Understand the fundamental hardware components that make up a computer’s hardware and the role of each of these components

CO 3.    understand the difference between an operating system and an application program, and what each is used for in a computer

CO 4.    describe some examples of computers and state the effect that the use of computer technology has had on some common products 

CO 5.    Use systems development, word-processing, spreadsheet, and presentation software to solve basic information systems problems.

Programming in “C”

CO1. Explain about the basic concepts of program development statements and its syntax.

CO2. Explain the various types of arrays and its structure.

CO3. Discuss about the various types of Functions and String handling mechanisms.

CO4. Explain the Concepts of structures and Unions.

CO5. Illustrates the various operations performed on different types of files.

Office Automation & Tally

CO 1.    Understand the basic terminology of computers 

CO 2.    Understand the practical concepts of MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, and MS Access.

CO 3.    They will also be able to work with artistic text for the creation of logos, labels and any other one page print design material.

CO 4.    With the help of the tools, you can add a great degree of dimensional effect and richness to your drawings.

GUI - Programming in Visual Basic.

CO 1 Explain the basic Concepts of Program building block control statements and the basic concepts of function and procedure.

CO 2. Describe the functionality and properties of GUI based ActiveX Control with example programs

CO 3 Discuss about graphics handling related control and properties.

CO 4. Discuss about the fundamental functions and properties of Advanced ActiveX Control.

CO 5. Describe the concepts of database handling using DAO, ADO and RDO control with data report concepts.

Database Management System

CO 1.     Knowledge & Understanding : Databases and their design & development

CO 2.     Intellectual Cognitive/ analytical skills: Normalization of Databases. 

CO 3.     Practical Skills :Using SQL and PL/SQL.

CO 4.     Transferable skills: Usage of DBMS design and administration.

CO 5.     gather data to analyse and specify the requirements of a system

Essential of E –Commerce & HTML

CO 1.    Describe Internet trading relationships including Business to Consumer, Business-toBusiness, Intra-organizational.

CO 2.    Describe the infrastructure for E-commerce

CO 3.    Describe the key features of Internet, Intranets and Extranets and explain how they relate to each other.

CO 4.    Discuss legal issues and privacy in E-Commerce

CO 5.    Assess electronic payment systems

CO 6.    Recognize and discuss global E-commerce issues·

Project

CO 1.    The curriculum prepares students for a career in software industry by equipping the students with the latest revolution in technology.

CO 2.    The program aims to educate students in Computer Science and Information Technology with emphasis on hands-on practical training in software development.

CO 3.    Creates the ability to design a computer application by considering realistic constraints such as safety, security and applicability

CO 4.    Prepares students to work professionally pertaining to ethics, social, cultural and cyber regulations

Program Outcomes (PO)

PO 1.        The Goal of Program to prepare basic computer Knowledge and Operational proficiency.

PO 2.        Analyze the System and applications for general purpose.

PO 3.        Understanding different hardware & software specification.

PO 4.        Understanding application of Different software needed for industrial areas.

PO 5.        To get basic software and hardware knowledge.

PO 6.        To utilize the techniques, skills& basic programming tools, software development practice.

PO 7.        Effective Computer Skills and development personality.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO)

PSO 1.    Students gain thorough understanding about critical concepts like object oriented techniques, programming languages & applications development.

PSO 2.    This program helps learners acquire required skills in Information Technology.

PSO 3.    The curriculum of this program ensures that learners gain thorough understanding about critical concepts like Tally, Basic C programming, etc.

Essential of Information Technology and OS

CO 1.    Describe the basic components of an operating system and their role in implementations for general purpose, real-time and embedded applications.

CO 2.    Define the concepts of processes, threads, asynchronous signals and competitive system resource allocation.

CO 3.    Explain what multi-tasking is and outline standard scheduling algorithms for Multi-tasking.

CO 4.    Appreciate the role of operating system as System software.

CO 5.    Understand the fundamental hardware components that make up a computer’s hardware and the role of each of these components

CO 6.    understand the difference between an operating system and an application program, and what each is used for in a computer

Essentials of Office Automation.

CO 1.    Understand the basic terminology of computers 

CO 2.    Understand the practical concepts of MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint, and MS Access.

CO 3.    They will also be able to work with artistic text for the creation of logos, labels and any other one page print design material.

CO 4.    With the help of the tools, you can add a great degree of dimensional effect and richness to your drawings.

Programming in ‘C’ Language

CO1. Explain about the basic concepts of program development statements and its syntax.

CO2. Explain the various types of arrays and its structure.

CO3. Discuss about the various types of Functions and String handling mechanisms.

CO4. Explain the Concepts of structures and Unions.

CO5. Illustrates the various operations performed on different types of files.

GUI - Programming in Visual Basic.

CO 1 Explain the basic Concepts of Program building block control statements and the basic concepts of function and procedure.

CO 2. Describe the functionality and properties of GUI based ActiveX Control with example programs

CO 3 Discuss about graphics handling related control and properties.

CO 4. Discuss about the fundamental functions and properties of Advanced ActiveX Control.

CO 5. Describe the concepts of database handling using DAO, ADO and RDO control with data report concepts.

E- Commerce

CO 1.    Describe Internet trading relationships including Business to Consumer, Business-to Business, Intra-organizational.

CO 2.    Describe the infrastructure for E-commerce

CO 3.    Discuss legal issues and privacy in E-Commerce

CO 4.    Assess electronic payment systems

CO 5.    Recognize and discuss global E-commerce issues

HTML & Internet Applications.

CO1.Describe the concepts of markup languages, un order list, table, formatting, liking and frames.

CO2.Discuss about the creation of cascading style sheets, backgrounds, media types and building a dropdown menu.

CO3.Explain the JavaScript, control structure, if structure, switch, do-while and logical operators.

CO4.Describe the javascript functions, javascript arrays and javascript objects.

CO5.Discuss the DOM, javascript events and XML.

PO No.

Programme Outcomes

Upon completion of the B.C.A Degree Programme, the graduate will be able to

PO-1

Attain excellence in the area of Computer Applications

PO-2

Utilize the practical skill to examine, plan and engineer the applications of technology using computing tools and techniques

PO-3

Design innovative methodologies/techniques/ideas for solving real time problems to cater to the need for the society.

PO-4

Create student employability and be competent enough to work in IT industry.

PO-5

Integrate ethical values in designing computer application.

PSO No.

Programme Specific Outcomes

Upon completion of these courses the student would

PSO-1

Acquire advanced knowledge in various area of computer Applications

PSO-2

Analyze and find the best techniques for solving computational problem

PSO-3

Develop competent technical writing skills for software

PSO-4

Apply the recent technology in various domains and evaluate the methods of implementing it.

PSO-5

Design and Create innovative ideas that meet the requirements of software industry

COMPUTER AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

CO 1.  Demonstrate the layers of architectures in computer systems from digital logic to networks.

CO 2.  Explanation of CPU components that how they are composed in terms of Digital Logic.

CO 3.  Design, analysis and implementation of assembly languages including function calls basic control structures.

CO 4.  Demonstrate functional knowledge of operating system and networks.

WINDOWS AND PC SOFTWARE

CO 1.  To understand common features and requirements of Windows.

CO 2.  To be able to manage hardware and software in Windows.

CO 3.  To implement different options in spreadsheet for creating and editing worksheets.

CO 4.  To implement advance features of excel for creating and editing worksheets.

MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS – I

CO 1.  Understand the relations between sets regarding membership, equality, subset, and proper subset.

CO 2.  Analyzing the concept of a permutation.

CO 3.  Understand the concept of derivatives, continuity.

CO 4.  Evaluate first order differential equations including separable, homogeneous, exact, and linear.

CO 5.  Analyze mathematical models using higher order differential equations.

CO 6.  Explaining applications of differential equations.

LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTERS-1

CO 1.  To identify, understand and apply different number systems and their codes.

CO 2.  To understand the binary logic and Boolean algebra.

CO 3.  To understand the digital representation of data in a computer system.

CO 4.  To understand the general concepts in digital logic design, including logic elements and their use in combinational logic circuit design.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

CO 1.  To develop basic understanding of literature.

CO 2.  To improve grammar to make communication skill error free.

CO 3.  To enhance the business communication writing skills.

CO 4.  To develop the communication skills related to different situations in real life.

CO 5.  To develop an understanding of RTI and its procedure.

CO 6.  To develop the competency of students to apprehend the style of writing through questions based on literature, paragraph writing and letter writing

PROGRAMMING IN C

CO 1.  Develop their programming skills.

CO 2.  Be familiar with programming environment with C Program structure.

CO 3.  Declaration of variables and constants and Understand operators, expressions and preprocessors.

CO 4.  Understand arrays, its declaration and uses.

CO 5.  Understand the format of functions and their application in solving complex problems.

LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF COMPUTERS-II

CO 1.  To understand the concept and components of sequential Logic.

CO 2.  To understand the structure, function and characteristics of various sequential circuits.

CO 3.  To identify the elements of modern instruction sets and their impact on processor design.

CO 4.  To explain the function of each element of a memory hierarchy.

CO 5.  To identify and compare different methods for Computer I/O.

MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS – II

CO 1.  Understand the tabular technique for simplifying logical expressions.

CO 2.  Recognize the various forms and equivalences of mathematical induction.

CO 3.  Determine whether a given set and binary operation form a group by checking group axioms.

CO 4.  To illustrate different filling algorithm of basic objects and their comparative analysis.

CO 5.  Understand common matrix operations such as addition, scalar multiplication, multiplication, and transposition.

CO 6.  Recognize and use equivalent forms to identify matrices and solve linear systems.

OFFICE AUTOMATION TOOLS

CO 1.  To understand and apply common features of DTP and PageMaker.

CO 2.  To be able to create and edit publications in PageMaker.

CO 3.  To implement different options in word processing for creating and editing documents.

CO 4.  To implement different options in PowerPoint for creating and editing presentation.

STRUCTURED SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN

CO 1.  Gather data to analyze and specify the requirements of a system.

CO 2.  Design system components and environments.

CO 3.  Build general and detailed models that assist programmers in implementing a system.

CO 4.  Design a database for storing data, a user interface for data input and output, and controls to protect the system and its data.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

CO 1.  To develop basic understanding of literature.

CO 2.  To improve grammar to make communication skill error free.

CO 3.  To enhance the business communication writing skills.

CO 4.  To develop the communication skills related to different situations in real life.

CO 5.  To develop an understanding of RTI and its procedure.

CO 6.  To develop the competency of students to apprehend the style of writing through questions based on literature, paragraph writing and letter writing.

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING USING C++

CO 1.  Understand the basic concepts of object-oriented programming language and their representation.

CO 2.  Implement the dynamic memory allocation functions, access specifier and the behavior of inheritance and its implementation.

CO 3.  Understand the use of constructors and destructors.

CO 4.  Understand and implement polymorphism, interface design and overloading of operators.

CO 5.  Apply the I/O operations to handle backup system using file and to develop general purpose templates.

DATA STRUCTURES

CO 1.     To implement and analyze algorithms and algorithm correctness.

CO 2.     To be able to describe stack, queue and linked list data structures.

CO 3.     To implement linear and non-linear data structures.

CO 4.     Ability to have knowledge of tree and graph concepts.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

CO 1.     To understand the functional units of a processor such as the register file and arithmetic, logical unit with the basics of System.

CO 2.     To identify different types of Computer Organization and various addressing modes.

CO 3.     To analyze the CPU design including the RISC/CISC architectures.

CO 4.     To implement the basic knowledge of I/O devices and interfacing of I/O devices with computer.

CO 5.     To understand the Direct Memory Access Transfer and CPU-IOP communication.

CO 6.     To Explain and Summarize Asynchronous Serial Transfer.

SOFTWARE ENGINERRING 

CO 1.  Apply the concept of the software process models according to user requirement.

CO 2.  Understand the fundamental concept of requirements techniques and Analysis Modeling.

CO 3.  Understand the different design techniques (Cohesion and Coupling) and their implementation.

CO 4.  Design various software reliability measures to access the quality of software in case of various faults and failure.

CO 5.  Develop various testing methodologies and maintenance model.

FUNDAMENTALS of DBMS

CO 1.  Explain the basic concepts and the applications of database systems.

CO 2.  To have broad understanding of the three level architecture of DBMS.

CO 3.  Identify the basic concepts and various data model used in database design.

CO 4.  Design ER-models to represent simple database application scenarios.

CO 5.  Explain the basic concepts of relational data model.

COMPUTER ORIENTED NUMERICAL METHODS

CO 1.  Understand the concept of Computer Arithmetic, Errors in number representation; understand the concept of Iterative methods.

CO 2.  Understand the concept of simultaneous linear equations and ordinary differential equation.

CO 3.  Understand the concept of Interpolation and Approximation and the concept of Taylor series method.

CO 4.  Demonstrate functional knowledge of operating system and networks.

CO 5.  To know the concept of Numerical Differential and Integration.

E-COMMERCE

CO 1.  Understand the importance of Internet, web apps, features and elements in E Commerce to boost up the traditional venture across the globe.

CO 2.  Will have rich knowledge of types of E-commerce exist in market i.e. B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B.

CO 3.  Able to analysis the difference between Governance and E governance.

CO 4.  Understand the way to explore various sectors i.e. Tourism, Share market, E – Banking, and etc.

CO 5.  Will capable to know the emerging E- Commerce scenario in India.

RELATIONAL DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

CO 1.  Apply relational database theory.

CO 2.  To be able to describe relational algebra expression, tuple and domain relation expression for queries

CO 3.  Recognize and identify the use of normalization and functional dependency.

CO 4.  To formulate SQL queries on data using basic DDL, DML and DCL commands.

CO 5.  Work with views, group and aggregate functions.

CO 6.  Perform PL/SQL programming for simple applications.

WEB TECHNOLOGY

CO 1.  Outline the basic concepts of information and web architecture.

CO 2.  Understand, analyze and apply the role of languages like HTML in the workings of the web and web applications.

CO 3.  Understand the skills that will enable to design and build high level web enabled applications.

CO 4.  Understand, analyze and create web pages using HTML, DHTML and Cascading Styles sheets.

OPERATING SYSTEM-I

CO 1.  Understand the basics of operating systems like kernel, shell, types and views of operating systems.

CO 2.  Describe Process management and various CPU scheduling algorithms.

CO 3.  To understand the concept of Deadlock and its management.

CO 4.  Explain various memory management techniques and concept of thrashing.

CO 5.  Implementation of demand paging using virtual memory and various page replacement algorithms.

CO 6.  Recognize file system interface, protection and security mechanisms.

COMPUTER NETWORKS

CO 1.  Understand the basic concept of networking, types, networking topologies and layered architecture.

CO 2.  Understand the basics of data link layer and MAC sub-layer.

CO 3.  Understand the network Layer functioning.

CO 4.  Identify the different types of network devices and their functions within a network.

PROGRAMMING USING VISUAL BASIC

CO 1.  Compare different programming Languages.

CO 2.  Understand Visual Basic Integrated Development Environment.

CO 3.  Perform different operations on Variables and store results.

CO 4.  Learn the concept of data-driven program execution flow control in Visual Basic programming and Understand loops to do repetition.

CO 5.  Understand additional Visual Basic controls.

CO 6.  Create Functions by using call by value and call by Reference.

MULTIMEDIA TOOLS

CO 1.  To identify a range of concepts, techniques and tools for creating and editing the interactive multimedia applications.

CO 2.  To understand the characteristics of different media; representation of different multimedia data & its formats.

CO 3.  To analyze the characteristics of Human’s visual system & Human’s audio system; be able to take into considerations in multimedia techniques, design and implementation.

CO 4.  To identify different compression standards learning different compression techniques.

CO 5.  To be able to design and develop multimedia systems according to the requirements of multimedia applications

INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

CO 1.  Understand the working reference and TCP Model along with Web Apps.

CO 2.  Analyze the verities of IP address to identify devices on internet.

CO 3.  Acquire knowledge about the web protocols.

CO 4.  Understand the importance and working of Virtual Private Network.

PROGRAMMING IN CORE JAVA 

CO 1.  Understand the basic concepts of object oriented programming language and their representation.

CO 2.  Implement the dynamic memory allocation functions, access specifier and the behavior of inheritance and its implementation.

CO 3.  Understand the use of constructors and destructors.

CO 4.  Understand and implement polymorphism, interface design and overloading of operators.

CO 5.  Apply the I/O operations to handle backup system using file and to develop general purpose templates.

CO 6.  Handle raised exception while implementing various object oriented concepts.